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<title>Lev Sedov</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lev Sedov</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="East_Slavic_naming_customs" class="mw-redirect" title="East Slavic naming customs">East Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Lvovich</i> and the <a href="Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Sedov</i>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Lev Sedov</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="nickname" lang="ru"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">

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</style><span class="nobold">Лев Седов</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Sedov, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1920s</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Lev Lvovich Sedov</div><br><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1906-02-24</span>)</span>24 February 1906</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">16 February 1938<span style="display:none">(1938-02-16)</span> (aged 31)<br><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="France" title="France">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="Cimeti%C3%A8re_parisien_de_Thiais" title="Cimetière parisien de Thiais">Cimetière parisien de Thiais</a>, Paris</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">

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</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> (father)</li><li><a href="Natalia_Sedova" title="Natalia Sedova">Natalia Sedova</a> (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Sergei_Sedov" title="Sergei Sedov">Sergei Sedov</a> (brother)<br><a href="Zinaida_Volkova" title="Zinaida Volkova">Zinaida Volkova</a> (half-sister)</td></tr></tbody></table>

<p><b>Lev Lvovich Sedov</b> (<a href="Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Лев Львович Седов</span>, also known as <b>Leon Sedov</b>; 24 February 1906 – 16 February 1938) was a Russian writer and the first son of politician and revolutionary <a href="Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a> and his second wife, <a href="Natalia_Sedova" title="Natalia Sedova">Natalia Sedova</a>. Sedov was born when his father was in prison facing <a href="Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">life imprisonment</a> for participating in the <a href="Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">Revolution of 1905</a>.

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<p>Sedov lived separately from his parents after the <a href="October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> to avoid being seen as privileged. He married in 1925 at the age of 19 and had a son, Lev, the following year. Sedov supported his father in the struggle against <a href="Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and became a leader of the <a href="Trotskyist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotskyist">Trotskyist</a> movement in his own right.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile_in_Turkey_and_Germany">Exile in Turkey and Germany</h3></div>

<p>Sedov accompanied his parents into exile in 1929, and then in 1931 he moved to Berlin to study. <a href="Alexandra_Ramm-Pfemfert" title="Alexandra Ramm-Pfemfert">Alexandra Ramm-Pfemfert</a> and her husband, <a href="Franz_Pfemfert" title="Franz Pfemfert">Franz Pfemfert</a>, arranged his visa and ensured that he saw an eye specialist to treat an eye disease he was suffering from.<sup id="cite_ref-Bois_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bois-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Carl_Sternheim" title="Carl Sternheim">Carl Sternheim</a>, a friend of the Pfemferts, met him during this period and described him as an extremely nice looking young man with light brown hair and blue eyes but who chain smokes and vividly explains that he goes through fifty of them every day".<sup id="cite_ref-Bois_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bois-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period Sedov spoke little German but was fluent in French.<sup id="cite_ref-Bois_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bois-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time he also assisted with printing and distributing the Russian-language <i><a href="Bulletin_of_the_Opposition" title="Bulletin of the Opposition">Bulletin of the Opposition</a></i> before becoming an editor and writer for it.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trotsky's_bloc">Trotsky's bloc</h4></div>

<p>In 1932, he helped Trotsky create a <a href="Bloc_of_Soviet_Oppositions" title="Bloc of Soviet Oppositions">political bloc</a> with the anti-Stalin opposition inside the USSR and was in contact with some of its members like <a href="Ivan_Smirnov_(politician)" title="Ivan Smirnov (politician)">Ivan Smirnov</a>, through the old bolshevik Eduard Holtzman, whom he called in his letters "the informant". Sedov showed he was far more interested in using a direct aggressive policy than Trotsky, stating: "Before everything else we have to drive out the present leadership and get rid of Stalin nothing but their liquidation can bring victory". The bloc was dissolved in early 1933, according to <a href="Pierre_Brou%C3%A9" title="Pierre Broué">Pierre Broué</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile_in_Paris">Exile in Paris</h3></div>

<p>Just before <a href="Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> came to power in 1933, Sedov moved to Paris,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he worked as a Parisian laborer and became an important activist in the Trotskyist movement. He was frequently followed by agents of the Soviet <a href="NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-volkov_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volkov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1935 and 1938, while in Paris, Sedov and his partner, Jeanne Martin, took in and cared for his young nephew, Vsevolod Volkov, called "Sieva" by the family (and who later, in Mexico, took the name <a href="Esteban_Volkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Esteban Volkov">Esteban Volkov</a>), the son of Sedov's late half-sister, <a href="Zinaida_Volkova" title="Zinaida Volkova">Zina</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-volkov_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volkov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2></div>

<p>After an acute attack of appendicitis in February 1938, <a href="Mark_Zborowski" title="Mark Zborowski">Mark Zborowski</a>, an NKVD agent who had posed as Sedov's comrade and friend, arranged to take him to a private clinic instead of a Paris hospital. At the same time, Zborowski notified the NKVD that Sedov had been transported under an assumed name to the Clinique Mirabeau,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was operated by a <a href="White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White Russian</a> with connections to Soviet intelligence,<sup id="cite_ref-sewell_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sewell-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who performed an appendectomy. Complications set in after the operation, but Sedov apparently received no further treatment. He was later taken to a Paris hospital, where he died.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some historians who have analyzed the matter believe Sedov was murdered by agents of Stalin who were in Paris watching him, either while in hospital or by poisoning him, causing his condition. In 1994, <a href="Pavel_Sudoplatov" title="Pavel Sudoplatov">Pavel Sudoplatov</a>, a lieutenant general in the NKVD who at that time was in charge of planning assassinations abroad, including the one of Sedov's father, claimed in his memoirs, <i><a href="Special_Tasks" title="Special Tasks">Special Tasks</a></i>, that Soviet agents played no part in his death.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1956, Zborowski had testified before a United States Senate subcommittee that he had contacted the NKVD to report that Sedov had entered the clinic, and then to confirm his death.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Sedov's grave is in <a href="Cimeti%C3%A8re_de_Thiais" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimetière de Thiais">Cimetière de Thiais</a>, south of Paris.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writings">Writings</h2></div>

<p>Lev Sedov's major political work is <i>The Red Book on the Moscow Trials</i> (1936). At a time that a leftist consensus accepted the verdicts of the <a href="Moscow_trials" title="Moscow trials">Moscow trials</a>, the book analyzed them with the aim of discrediting them. It was the first thorough-going exposé of the frame-ups upon which the trials were based. Trotsky himself described it as a "priceless gift... the first crushing reply to the Kremlin falsifiers".<sup id="cite_ref-sewell_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sewell-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFBois2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bois, Marcel (2016). "A Transnational Friendship in the Age of Extremes: Leon Trotsky and the Pfemferts". <i>Twentieth Century Communism</i>. <b>10</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">9–</span>29. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3898%2F175864316818855185">10.3898/175864316818855185</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <cite id="CITEREFGlotzer" class="citation book cs1">Glotzer, Albert. <i>Trotsky: Memoir and Critique</i>. Prometheus Books. p. 44. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-87975-544-X</bdi>.</cite> </span>

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<li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/broue/1980/01/bloc.html">"Pierre Broué: The "Bloc" of the Oppositions against Stalin (January 1980)"</a>. <i>www.marxists.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/serge/1938/02/sedov.htm"><i>Obituary. Leon Sedov</i></a> by <a href="Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Victor Serge</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-volkov-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-volkov_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-volkov_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialistorganizer.org/to-mark-the-75th-anniversary-of-trotskys-arrival-in-mexico-interview-with-esteban-volkov-trotskys-grandson/">"To Mark the 75th Anniversary of Trotsky’s Arrival in Mexico: Interview with Esteban Volkov, Trotsky’s grandson"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402091012/http://socialistorganizer.org/to-mark-the-75th-anniversary-of-trotskys-arrival-in-mexico-interview-with-esteban-volkov-trotskys-grandson/">Archived</a> 2015-04-02 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, SocialistOrganizer.org <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialistorganizer.org">website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130721142827/http://socialistorganizer.org/">Archived</a> 2013-07-21 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, posted 23 January 2013 (Accessed 9 February 2013).</span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="International_Committee_of_the_Fourth_International" title="International Committee of the Fourth International">International Committee of the Fourth International</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2011/11/zbor-n17.html">The story of Mark Zborowski: Stalin’s spy in the Fourth International</a>, 1990, re-published by <a href="World_Socialist_Web_Site" title="World Socialist Web Site">World Socialist Web Site</a>, 17 November 2011.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Testimony of David Dallin, read before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws, of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, December 28, 1955, in <i>Testimony of Alexander Orlov before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and other Internal Security Laws, of the Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate, December 28, 1955</i>, US Government Printing Office, 1962, p. 15.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-sewell-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sewell_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sewell_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Rob Sewell, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marxist.com/leon-sedov-70-years-since-murder.htm">"Leon Sedov - 70 Years Since His Murder"</a>, at www.marxist.com, posted 15 February 2008 (Accessed 10 February 2013)</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barmine, Alexander, <i>One Who Survived</i>, New York: G.P. Putnam (1945), pp. 17, 22: Barmine pointed out that the Soviet NKVD had a long history of using <a href="White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White Russians</a> who longed to return to visit their homeland. The NKVD had formed an association in Paris designed to recruit these persons, titled <i>The Friends of the Soviet Fatherland</i>. Typically, in order to gain an entry visa, the White émigré would first be asked to perform an 'act of loyalty' to the Soviet Union, usually a betrayal of another emigre. The method was used to 'set up' many Soviet fugitives for kidnapping or assassination by Stalin's secret police.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sudoplatov, Pavel. <i>Special Tasks</i>, Little, Brown and Company, 1994. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-316-82115-2</bdi></span>

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<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Testimony of Mark Zborowski, Accompanied by Herman A. Greenberg, Esq., his Attorney", <i>Scope of Soviet Activity in the United States, Hearing Before the Subcommittee to Investigate the Administration of the Internal Security Act and Other Internal Security Laws of the Committee On the Judiciary, United States Senate, Eighty-Fourth Congress, Second Session, February 29, 1956, Part 4</i>. Washington, Government Printing Office, 1956, p. 92. (Available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/scopeofsovietact0106unit#page/n128/mode/1up">online</a>)</span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/sedov/works/red/index.htm"><i>The Red Book on the Moscow Trial</i></a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/serge/1938/02/sedov.htm"><i>Obituary. Leon Sedov</i></a> by <a href="Victor_Serge" title="Victor Serge">Victor Serge</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543149#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2511" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543149#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2511" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000107183530">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/37057743">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/15284">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxCD3HdfRhT6pchqjRMyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119201321">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50044381">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13186445x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13186445x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sedov, Lev"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV218485">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js2010612706&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p168260360">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/14064507">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810634244905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007267811105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14084656">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA08920851?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/119201321.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119201321">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032410417">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6j96k5f">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/person/06f07311-1dd1-4f2a-b61b-1caa1b1c923e">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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